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This paper studies the impact of the decrease in government subsidies on the selection of the cooperation model of vehicle manufacturers'' in the new energy vehicle supply chain, and uses the
The grid-connected IES can be represented as a directed graph, illustrated in Fig. 3.This graph considers the details of inter- and intra-unit connections, including the interactions among input, disturbance, state, and output variables. Compared to Figs. 2, 3 reveals the underlying network topology of the IES and the interconnections among
Electric vehicle (EV) is developed because of its environmental friendliness, energy-saving and high efficiency. For improving the performance of the energy storage system of EV, this paper proposes an energy management strategy (EMS) based model predictive control (MPC) for the battery/supercapacitor hybrid energy storage system
The vehicle energy flow test can not only comprehensively evaluate the performance of the vehicle, but also provide basic test data for building and calibrating the simulation model. In the test, various sensors are arranged on the tested vehicle to obtain vehicle state signals in real time for energy flow calculation, and the sensor layout is
Flywheel energy storage (FES) technology can deliver energy output either in kinetic form (rotational energy) or in electrical form. According to Chris
Furthermore, recognizing the paramount importance of mitigating energy consumption in multi-vehicle collaborative endeavors, Ref. integrates the ant-based algorithm with a predictive model for power/energy consumption. This innovative fusion introduces the concept of green ant (G-Ant), offering a tailored solution for multi-vehicle
At present, green, low-carbon, clean and renewable energy is the trend of energy development. In order to greatly reduce fuel consumption and pollutant emissions, when large-scale electric vehicles are connected to the grid for charging, it is necessary to fully consider the energy storage of electric vehicle batteries.
2.2 Task model. The architecture of the mobile devices contains a CPU, data storage components such as memory and cache, a single-server FIFO queue to store arriving tasks pending for execution, and a wireless interface [].The application being processed is divided into a sequence of fine-grained code sections [], defined as
Proposition 5 shows that the manufacturer and supplier model choices are affected by the R&D cost coefficient. Table 3 shows the optimal model choices of the manufacturer and supplier in different situations. When δ 5 (k, β) ⩽ δ 3 (k, β), the manufacturer''s profit under PC outweighs the profit under WC, so the manufacturer''s
This paper proposes a two-stage smart charging algorithm for future buildings equipped with an electric vehicle, battery energy storage, solar panels, and a heat pump. The first stage is a non-linear programming model that optimizes the charging of electric vehicles and battery energy storage based on a prediction of photovoltaïc (PV)
where Q h,t is the heat energy storage of the equipment at time t; η h is the heat efficiency; Q h,t0 is the heat energy storage of the equipment at time t 0; P in h,t and P out h,t are the heat storage and heat release power of the heat storage equipment at time t, respectively. 2.3 Multi-node scheduling task allocation model
Using a general energy pricing model, we tackle the grid optimization design from two different perspectives: a user-oriented optimization and an holistic-based design. In the former case, we optimize each user individually by formulating the grid optimization problem as a noncooperative game, whose solution analysis is addressed building on
The developed HEM enables the home owner to manage different components and appliances including electric vehicle (EV), energy storage system
To unlock the scheduling potential of EVs, this paper proposes a source-load-storage cooperative low-carbon scheduling strategy considering V2G aggregators. The
Electric vehicles (EVs) battery is a crucial component of energy storage components for electric vehicles. However, the environmental impact of EVs battery is still not clear. Therefore, this paper establishes a cradle-to-cradle life cycle assessment (LCA) frame and clarifies the environmental impacts on the entire lifespan of EVs battery in China.
This paper proposes a V2X communication assisted hierarchical cooperative control strategy for EVs that aims at improving driving performance and energy efficiency. The upper layer uses improved model predictive control (MPC) method for cooperative motion control. A mechanism is designed for V2X communication loss in the algorithm.
Specifically, among six costs, the penalty cost showed the biggest drop (reduced by about 19.34% under the cooperation), followed by the setup cost (reduced by 1.35% under the partial cooperation, and 8.85% under the full cooperation), while the accumulation cost, processing cost, shipment cost, and carbon emission cost under the
storage, processing, transmission, and maintenance, all of which require continuous investment. Finally, we should consider the issue of return on investment when it comes to massive capital injection. Although the current vehicle-road cooperation can bring benefits in terms of improving traffic efficiency, reducing carbon emissions, and
Hafezalkotob [13] develops a price-energy-saving competition and cooperation model for two supply networks. Li et al. [16] probe into whether and when a focal firm should cooperate with the competitor to conduct green innovation when facing consumers with green preferences.
Developing renewable energy is a critical way to achieve carbon neutrality in China, whereas the intermittent and random nature of renewable energy brings new challenges for maintaining the safety and stability of the power system (Zhang et al., 2012; Notton et al., 2018).An energy storage system has many benefits, including peak cutting
Moreover, the hierarchical MPC with the Koopman model reduces energy consumption by 5.55% compared to hierarchical MPC with mechanistic models. In Section 2, the system modeling and problem description are introduced. Section 3 establishes the data-driven Koopman model for vehicle dynamics.
The schematic diagram of the SESPS and EVCS is shown in Fig. 2.The control centre of the energy storage station is set in the SESPS. The SESPS control centre is optimized based on historical user data, such as the price of grid-purchased electricity, the load curve of cold, heat, and electricity, the output curve of renewable energy, and
A new energy management strategy based on RL was introduced to determine the optimal control behaviour and distribution
The recycling of retired new energy vehicle power batteries produces economic benefits and promotes the sustainable development of environment and society. However, few attentions have been paid to the design and optimization of sustainable reverse logistics network for the recycling of retired power batteries. To this end, we
We investigate the LIB system related to the passenger vehicle fleet and stationary energy storage in the European Union (including the European Free Trade
Section snippets Energy framework, HAP model and CESP model The paper uses HAP i and CESP j to form an energy cooperation framework, as shown in Fig.1, i = 1 2 3..I,j = 1 2 J.HAPs have their own rooftop PV, diversified energy supply equipment based
Smart Roads: Roadside Perception, Vehicle-Road Cooperation and Business Model. mber, IEEE, Yong Liang Guan, Senior Member, IEEE, and Yan Zhang, Fellow, IEEEAbstract—Smart roads h. ve become an essential component of intelligent transportation systems (ITS). The roadside perception technology, a critical aspect of
This paper proposes a home energy management (HEM) strategy to not only reduce the customer''s billing cost but also to compensate the reactive power at the point of grid integration. The developed HEM enables the home owner to manage different components and appliances including electric vehicle (EV), energy storage system (ESS), and
To enhance the anti-submarine and search capabilities of multiple Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) groups in complex marine environments, this paper proposes a flexible action-evaluation algorithm known as Knowledge-Driven Soft Actor-Critic (KD-SAC), which can effectively interact with real-time environmental information. KD
For the Constrained Hybrid Optimal Model Predictive Controller, this paper compared its effects under three speed conditions of 100 km/h, 90 km/h and 80 km/h respectively. As can be seen from Fig. 8, Fig. 9, Fig. 10, Fig. 11, Fig. 12, Fig. 13, the tracking effect of the designed controller at different speeds basically meets the requirements,
In this work, we formulate a joint task offloading and service caching problem (JTOSCP) for VEC with edge-vehicle cooperation, aiming to minimize the total task delay-energy value and cost value of all vehicles while guaranteeing task processing delay tolerance.
The developed HEM enables the home owner to manage different components and appliances including electric vehicle (EV), energy storage system (ESS), and shiftable loads (SLs). Optimal scheduling of consumption times of SLs and charging/discharging cycles of EV and ESS ends in sensible reduction in daily operation
EV users are classified, and the schedulability of EVs as mobile energy storage is evaluated by using the sensitivity model of different types of users to electricity prices. As an independent individual, the control model of EVs is based on the user''s own response to the current electricity price.
The optimization problems developed can be solved using tools such as Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewable (HOMER) Complex control architecture Has a high number of the power processing unit grid-connected distributed generation, grid-connected vehicle operation, energy storage used in the USA. [36], [53], [75],
To this end, an efficient mathematical model was developed and proper linearization techniques were deployed to avert the non-linear nature of the established model. Deployment of EV and ESS storage capacity on active power exchanges resulted in an optimal charge/discharge patterns and decreased the operation cost of home
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